E-ISSN: 2458-942X FishTaxa - Journal of Fish Taxonomy is a peer-reviewed international journal to support free exchange of ideas and information in systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of fishes with a preference for large taxonomic works such as monographs, revisions and checklists. FishTaxa considers papers on all freshwater and marine fishes both living and fossil, and especially encourages descriptions of new fish taxa. All types of papers are considered, including theories and methods of systematics and phylogeny, taxonomic monographs, revisions and reviews, catalogues/checklists, biographies and bibliographies, identification guides, analysis of characters, phylogenetic relationships and zoogeographical patterns of distribution, descriptions of taxa, and nomenclature. FishTaxa publishes original research articles, high quality reviews and technical notes/short communication covering all aspects of fish systematics. The members of the FishTaxa scientific board are from well-known universities and research institutes to ensure high-quality publications. Manuscripts are processed using an online system, ensuring efficient and timely evaluations. Type of Journal: Academic/Scholarly Format: Print & Online E-ISSN: 2458-942X Website: www.fishtaxa.com Frequency: annually Language: English Article Processing Charges: 1500 USD Indexed and Abstracted: Yes Contact: editor@fishtaxa.com Scopes of FishTaxa includes: Biology, systematic ichthyology, phylogeny and biogeography of fishes both freshwater and marine (living and fossil fishes) Taxonomic monographs, revisions and reviews, catalogues/checklists Descriptions of taxa, and nomenclature Systematics and phylogeny Biodiversity Biogeography/phylogeography Population genetics Invasive species Morphology and osteology Publisher name: Global Edge Printers and Publishers, India
Traditional vs Modern Diet and Its Impact on Lifestyle Diseases among Adults in Ballia District, Uttar Pradesh.
This study focuses on the impact of traditional and modern dietary practices on the prevalence of lifestyle-related diseases among adults in the Ballia district of Uttar Pradesh, as rapid urbanization, globalization, and changing socio-economic conditions in this region have led to significant shifts in dietary habits and lifestyles. This nutritional shift is considered a major cause of the increasing burden of lifestyle-related diseases. Study was a descriptive and comparative study, involving a sample of 200 adults aged between 20 and 50 years. Participants were selected from the Hanumanganj and Bansdih blocks using a random sampling method. Data were collected through using structured questionnaires, personal interviews, and basic health assessments. Two groups was divided based on their dietary habits: the Traditional Diet Group (n=90) and the Modern Diet Group (n=110). Anthropometric measurements, such as height and weight, were recorded for Body Mass Index (BMI); additionally, clinical variables such as blood pressure and blood sugar levels were also measured. Study found a notable correlation between dietary patterns and lifestyle diseases. respondents consuming traditional diets showed better health outcomes, including a higher proportion of normal BMI (64.44%), diabetes (15.56%), and hypertension (17.78%). In contrast, respondents following modern dietary patterns showed higher prevalence of malnutrition (84.55%), diabetes (43.64%), hypertension (44.55%), and heart disease (16.36%). Statistical analysis confirmed that the strong link between dietary patterns and lifestyle diseases was highly significant. For illustration, the relationship between BMI and diet (χ² = 50.69, p < 0.001), diet and diabetes (χ² = 18.24, p < 0.001), diet and heart disease (χ² = 8.94, p <0.01) and diet and overall disease status (χ² = 25.88, p < 0.001) demonstrated strong statistical significance. These findings show that eating habits strongly influence health status. The conclusion of this study found that eating habits of modern diet significantly increase the risk of lifestyle-related diseases, while traditional diets significantly reduce the chances of developing lifestyle-related diseases. The results of present study emphasize the importance of promoting healthy eating habits and reducing processed food intake.
Traditional diets, Modern diets, Dietary pattern, Lifestyle diseases.
Empirical Experiences in Indian Academia: Caste, Language, and Social Theory
This paper examines the structural barriers to knowledge production and theoretical discourse in Indian academia, focusing on the intersections of caste, language and social theory. It argues that India’s pluralistic society suffers from deep linguistic and epistemic inequalities, where dominant languages and Western-centric theories marginalise indigenous forms of knowledge rooted in folk traditions and the lived experiences of disadvantaged communities. Drawing on the work of prominent theorists such as Gopal Guru, Sundar Sarukkai and Raghurama Raju, this study critiques the continued exclusion of empirical knowledge from marginalised groups and calls for the democratisation of intellectual discourse. The paper highlights the need to validate empirical knowledge, recognise local languages and integrate indigenous epistemologies into mainstream social sciences to achieve a truly inclusive and equitable academic environment.
Empirical knowledge, Language, Social theory, Caste and Glocal knowledge.
Effects of Yogic Activities and Recreational Exercises on Depression Among Climacteric Women
Purpose: This study aimed to examine the effects of a twelve week yogic activities and Recreational exercises on Depression among Climacteric women. Methods: In this study 40 climacteric women were selected randomly from Jammu district to participate as subjects. The ages of the women fell in between 40 and 50 years. The review was designed with a pre-and post-test random collection strategy in which forty subjects were divided into four equal groups The Psychological parameters is to find out in this study. There were randomly assigned to one of four groups: Experimental Group-I (N=10; YOGA Group, Experimental Group-II (N=10, RECREATIONAL group), the Experimental Group-III (N=10; COMPOSITE group), Experimental-IV (N=10; CONTROL GROUP). The twelve week training program for Yoga, Recreational, Composite and Control group for Three days in a week over a period of Twelve weeks. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANCOVA to assess group differences over time. Depression was used as an outcomes measures. Questionnaires were administered before and after one twelve weeks of intervention to evaluate the depression among climacteric women. Results: There were forty volunteers climacteric women at the end of the study. Noteworthy findings include significant the mean for the yoga group was 21.4, the mean for recreational group was 27.69, the mean for composite group was 29.50, and the mean for control group was 30.5, (df 3 and 96), the post-test was therefore significant at the 0.05 level. The reduction in Depression severity in the yoga group was significant. Conclusion: The practiced of yoga and recreational activities has been proven that yoga and recreational exercises might be positive and effective on reducing Depression in Climacteric women. The aim of this chapter is not only to determine the review literature only but also to evaluate the effects of yogic activities and recreational activities on Depression Climacteric women.
Yogic activities, Recreational exercises, Depression, Climacteric women
A Study to Assess Prevalence of Premenstrual Syndrome Among College Going Girls of Selected College of Ambala, Haryana
Background: Every woman experiences menstruation on a regular basis, and it is essential for the uterine lining to regenerate in order to get ready for conception. A collection of physical, behavioral, and emotional symptoms that appear in the final week of the luteal phase—typically the week before the menstrual period—are collectively referred to as premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Usually, after the 13th day of the menstrual cycle, symptoms appear. The symptoms of PMS can appear at any point in the reproductive years. Women's daily lives can be disrupted by PMS for several days. Aim and Objectives The present study aims was to assess prevalence of premenstrual syndrome among college going girls. To determine the association of premenstrual syndrome with selected demographic variables. To find out the association of Premenstrual syndrome with menstrual, lifestyle characteristics of college going girls. Methodology: The present study was carried out in the village of Mullana, Ambala. A descriptive research design was used. 200 samples were selected for the study by convenient sampling technique. Data was collected through Google form; thus the data was incorporated by using SPSS 16 version. RESULT: This research assesses Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) among college-going girls in Ambala, Haryana. Among participants, 56% are aged 20-22, 48.5% have a height of 154-157 cm, and 98.5% are unmarried. Most (75.5%) have a normal BMI, 55.5% are from rural areas, and 32% are B.Sc. Nursing 2nd-year students. Lifestyle factors show 69.5% lack physical activity, 98% don’t smoke, and 70.5% have healthy eating habits. Menstrual data reveals 54.5% had menarche at 11-13 years, 86.5% have a 25-30 day cycle, and 38.55% experience severe pain. PMS severity varies, with 27.5% severe cases, 21% mild, and 3.5% very severe. Only associated with Age(X2=175.4,p=0.01),type of stay(X2=104.3,P=0.02),Year of study (X2=353.27,P=0.05).in menstrual characteristics No.of days bleeding last(X2=195.9,P=0.02), Dysmenorrhea (X2=103.5,P=0.04), nature of Dysmenorrhea pain(X2=119.5,P=0.034),Family history of Dysmenorrhea (X2=101.5,P=0.008),and use of medication and remedial measure for pain relieve (X2=88.27,P=0.005) and in lifestyle characteristics Smoking(X2=123.4,P=0.003), and sleep cycle(X2=96.6,P=0.05).).Conclusion: The present study's findings on The PMS among nursing students are consistent with some studies, but divergent from others. Further research is needed to explore the factors influencing PMS.
Prevalence, Premenstrual syndrome, college going girls
Mr. Abhishek Raj, Ms Shikha Chaudhary, Mrs Asha Devi,
Mr. Anand, Mr Amit, Mr. Akshay,Ms Sabnam Kumari,
A Study on The Contribution of Bikash Bhattacharjeeto The Renaissance of Realistic Art in India.
Within the research framework of contemporary post-independence Indian art, this study centers on Indian artist Bikash Bhattacharjee, whose career spanned 1940 to 2006, to examine his core role in the revival of realist painting in India. At the time, abstraction and expressionism dominated mainstream Indian art discourse; realism, which originally served only as a basic foundational subject in art academies, was transformed by Bhattacharjee into an expressive form that combines both intellectual appeal and emotional resonance. He achieved this transformation through his precise technical skill, psychological depth, and creative themes rooted in social reality. His works deliver nuanced social criticism focused on the lives of the urban middle class and individual identity, blending sharp perception of everyday life with humanistic care. This study examines his creative style, core themes, and representative works, and assesses his influence on later generations of artists and art educators. Adopting a contextualized comparative analysis method, this study aligns Bhattacharjee’s creations with those of major contemporary Bengali artists including Ramkinkar Baij, Binod Behari Mukherjee, Paritosh Sen, and Ganesh Pyne, to explore the surrealist elements in his works. Ultimately, this paper argues that Bhattacharjee greatly advanced realism to become a lasting, critical core artistic approach in contemporary Indian art.
Bikash Bhattacharjee, Indian art, Realism, Photorealism, Blending, Surrealism, Illustration, Photorealism, Theatrical Composition.
Water Pollution and Its Effects on Aquatic Animal Life
Polluted water places sustained pressure on animals living in rivers, lakes, estuaries and seas. Their survival depends on fairly steady water conditions, especially enough dissolved oxygen, moderate nutrient levels, suitable pH, clear water and limited exposure to toxins. This paper discusses the effects of sewage, farm runoff, industrial discharge, metals, pesticides, oil, plastics and microplastics, pharmaceuticals and endocrine-active compounds on fish, crustaceans, molluscs, plankton, bottom-dwelling organisms, marine mammals and other aquatic fauna. The review shows that organic wastes raise biochemical oxygen demand and draw down dissolved oxygen, whereas excess nutrients promote eutrophication, algal blooms, hypoxia and fish mortality. Chemical contaminants can injure gills, liver, kidneys, nervous tissue, DNA and reproductive organs. Long-lived pollutants, especially methylmercury, build up in organisms and become more concentrated along food chains. Microplastics can be swallowed and may carry harmful chemicals, while oil pollution can smother animals, harm early life stages and contaminate habitats. Evidence from the Gulf hypoxic zone, Minamata mercury contamination, the Deepwater Horizon spill and polluted river stretches in India shows that pollution can cause sudden deaths as well as gradual biodiversity loss. The paper concludes that protection of aquatic animals depends on better wastewater treatment, nutrient control, industrial regulation, plastic-waste reduction, enforcement of environmental laws and restoration of damaged habitats.
Water Pollution; Aquatic Animals; Dissolved Oxygen; Eutrophication; Bioaccumulation; Hypoxia; Microplastics; Aquatic Biodiversity.
Analysis of Weed Distribution Patterns in Cotton Agroecosystems Using Raunkiaer’s Frequency Classes
Raunkiaer's frequency class approach was used to perform a comparative analysis of weed distribution patterns in cotton agroecosystems in chosen regions of Shrirampur and Rahuri. The study sought to determine the floristic composition, frequency distribution, and behavior of weed species found in cotton fields under various agroecological circumstances. While phytosociological research was done between 2020 and 2022 utilizing the random quadrat sampling method, weed collecting was done between 2019 and 2025. Weed species were identified, documented, and assigned to Raunkiaer's frequency classes based on their occurrence frequency. The study found significant variance in weed flora across the two locations, suggesting changes in soil properties, irrigation strategies, and crop management systems. Comparative investigation revealed that weed infestation and species variety were higher in Rahuri than in Shrirampur, probably due to differences in moisture availability and agronomic techniques. The Raunkiaer frequency distribution pattern diverged from the expected biological spectrum, indicating ecological instability and ongoing disturbance in cotton agroecosystems. The study's findings provide useful insights into weed ecology and dispersion dynamics, which can help to build region-specific integrated weed management techniques for sustainable cotton agriculture.
Weed, Cotton, Crop Management, Frequency Class, Development, Shrirampur, Rahuri, etc.
Miss Vrushali Ashokrao Jondhale, Dr S. P. Giri
MEMS and Artificial Intelligence Technology for Smart Agriculture
The integration of Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a disruptive approach in the design of smart agriculture systems. In this paper we investigate the combined utilisation of MEMS based sensing technologies and AI driven analytical models to improve the productivity, efficiency and sustainability of agriculture. Sensors MEMS sensors are vital in collecting real-time data on the environment and soil conditions, including temperature, humidity, soil moisture, nutrient levels, and crop health status. The collected data is further processed using AI techniques such as machine learning, predictive analytics and intelligent decision-making algorithms to support precision farming practices. With the integration, farmers can closely monitor the conditions of their fields, automate irrigation systems, detect diseases in the early stages and optimise the use of fertilisers and pesticides, which leads to a reduction in operational costs and environmental impact. Moreover, the paper covers recent technological advancements, practical applications, and case studies showcasing the efficacy of MEMS and AI in contemporary agriculture. The challenges like high implementation cost, data security, energy efficiency and technical limitations are also discussed. The study concludes that the integration of MEMS and AI technologies hold great promise for enhancing food production, resource management and sustainable agricultural development. Future research directions include the development of low-cost smart sensors, edge computing and IoT-enabled intelligent farming system for large-scale agricultural applications.
Smart Agriculture, MEMS, Artificial Intelligence, Precision Farming, IoT, Machine Learning, Sustainable Agriculture, Sensor Technology.
Neem Leaf Extracts Induced Biochemical and Histological Changes in Male Albino Mice
Oral administration of alcoholic extact of neem leaves at the rate of 132,200 and 300 mg/kg body weight /day for 24 days caused reduction in the weights of accessory reproductive organs like epididymides and seminal vesicles and change in testicular biochemical parameters in albino mice. The distinct changes in the histology of epididymides and seminal vesicles were observed. The changes were more prominent in higher dose groups.
Neem, Testicular, Biohemical parameters, Histological , Accessory reproductive organs, Albino mice.
Phytochemistry and the Chemical Ecology of Plants
Phytochemistry basically studies the chemical constitution of plants. The field inspects the intersection of integrated chemical processes, particularly primary and secondary metabolism. Secondary metabolites have been observed mediating plant interactions with their environment, altogether showcasing significant biological activity as well. Psychiatry is an interdisciplinary area, which means it combines the conceptual understandings from both biochemical science and chemical reactions, including ecological science too. In this elaborate paper we delve into the fundamental understandings, theoretical foundations, classification and essential/functional roles of plant-derived compounds. We distinguish between primary metabolites that are essential for plant growth/development, from secondary metabolites which are involved in honing the plant’s adaptive mechanisms. Secondary metabolites can present the evolutionary trajectory in a significant manner. Major phytochemical groups such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics and glycosides, have been discussed here, incorporating the varied theories of biosynthetic pathways and chemical ecology. We take a moment to explore the historical evolution of plant-based medicines too, highlighting the transition from traditional knowledge systems to modern phytochemical analysis and drug discovery.
Phytochemistry, medicinal plant, chemical reaction, drug discovery, ethnobotany, plant science.
The Historicity of the Bhartiya Economic Reforms in the post 190-91 era
The paper of this nature is a challenging academic exercise as it delivers a narratives on the most significant but the most commonly known structural economic reforms in the Indian economy in 1990-91. The lingo of Liberalisation, Privatization and Globalization as being a Bhartiya response to the Global torrents of Convergence, amalgamation and Interdependence have been both enumerated and discussed in the argumentative and history imbued narrative in the present paper. The [paper further highlights the initiative and pioneer decision taken up by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in the face of an Indian economic crisis. The paper too draws an interregnum between the classical economic reforms of 1990-91, Modi led GST decisions and demonetization, sthus drawing out and eking a framework for the Indian economic reforms across Governments and ideologies.
Intelligent Reliability Enhancement of Solar-Integrated Distribution Networks: A Probabilistic and Optimization-Based Approach Utilizing Battery Energy Storage Systems
The rapid deployment of solar photovoltaic (PV) generation in modern power distribution systems is both a challenge and an opportunity. While solar energy is the basis for decarbonisation and sustainability goals, the intermittent nature of solar energy raises reliability concerns for distribution networks. This paper presents a comprehensive probabilistic reliability assessment of solar-integrated distribution networks with the focus on advanced optimisation of battery energy storage system (BESS) operations. Using state-of-the-art modelling, simulation and optimisation techniques, we assess impacts of solar variability and BESS intervention on the important reliability indices, SAIDI, SAIFI and CAIDI. The extensive scenario analysis and comparative studies with conventional systems demonstrate that the intelligent BESS operation not only alleviates the negative effects of renewable intermittency but also allows the reliability indices to exceed the traditional benchmarks. This work provides a strong framework to future proof grid infrastructure in the era of high renewable energy integration.
Smart Grid, Battery Energy Storage System, Distribution System Reliability, Optimisation, Probabilistic Modelling, Renewable Integration.
Substitution of fishmeal with groundnut meal and its effect on growth, feed conversionefficiency, carcass composition and digestive enzyme activity of fingerling Labeo rohita
The effects of replacing fishmeal (FM) with groundnut meal (GNM) in the diets of Labeo rohita fingerling (6.32 ± 0.38 cm; 2.36 ± 0.02 g) were evaluated by conducting an 8-week feeding trial. The diets with 18 kJ g⁻¹ gross energy and 35% crude protein were prepared by gradually replacing FM with GNM on a protein-to-protein basis at levels of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%. Diets were fed to different groups near apparent satiation. No evident effect was noted by the replacement of FM with GNM up to 40% on live weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein retention efficiency and whole-body carcass composition. Digestive enzyme activities were not affected up to 40% FM replacement (P > 0.05) but declined significantly at 60%, 80% and 100% replacement (P < 0.05). The findings suggest that FM can be substituted by GNM up to 40% in formulating nutritionally balanced, cost-effective commercial feeds for Labeo rohita fingerling without hampering growth performance, feed utilization and carcass quality.
Groundnut meal, fishmeal, Labeo rohita, cost-effective.
Effects of a Six-Week Breath-Only Pranayama Intervention on Pulmonary Function and Anxiety Among College Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Pranayama, a disciplined system of breath regulation rooted in yogic tradition, has demonstrated promise as a non-pharmacological modality for enhancing physiological resilience and psychological well-being. This randomized controlled trial aimed to isolate the effects of a breath-only Pranayama protocol-specifically Anulom Vilom and Bhramari-on pulmonary function and anxiety in healthy young adults. A total of 100 college students aged 18–25 were randomized into control and experimental groups. The experimental group received supervised Pranayama training six days per week over six weeks, while the control group maintained routine activity without intervention. Lung function was assessed using digital spirometry (FVC, FEV₁, FEV₁/FVC), and anxiety was measured using Sinha’s Comprehensive Anxiety Test (SCAT). Results showed a statistically significant increase in lung capacity in the experimental group (mean Δ = 612 mL, p < 0.001), while no significant change occurred in controls. Likewise, anxiety scores in the experimental group decreased markedly (p < 0.001), whereas control scores remained unchanged. Graphical and statistical analyses confirmed the robustness of these effects, suggesting improved respiratory mechanics and vagal modulation. These findings align with previous neurophysiological and psychometric literature underscoring Pranayama’s ability to enhance autonomic balance and emotional regulation. This study substantiates the standalone efficacy of breath-based Pranayama techniques, offering a cost-effective intervention model for both mental and physical health promotion in academic populations.
Pranayama; Pulmonary Function; Anxiety Reduction; Breath Regulation; College Students.
Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Linum usitatissimum Seed Extracts with Potential Applications in Aquaculture
The present study aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition and antioxidant potential of Linum usitatissimum (flaxseed) seed extracts using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Extracts were prepared using suitable organic solvents and subjected to GC–MS analysis, which revealed the presence of diverse bioactive compounds, including fatty acids, sterols, phenolic compounds, and tocopherols. Major constituents identified included α-linolenic acid, hexadecanoic acid, and phytosterols, which are known for their antioxidant and biological properties. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated using the DPPH assay, demonstrating significant free radical scavenging activity in a concentration-dependent manner. The IC₅₀ value indicated strong antioxidant potential when compared with the standard ascorbic acid. The observed activity may be attributed to the synergistic effect of the identified phytochemicals. These findings suggest that Linum usitatissimum seed extracts are a rich source of natural antioxidants and bioactive compounds. Furthermore, the presence of such phytoconstituents highlights their potential application in aquaculture systems as natural feed additives to enhance fish health, improve oxidative stress resistance, and support overall physiological performance.
Linum usitatissimum ,GC–MS ,DPPH assay ,Antioxidant activity Aquaculture ,Fish health
Sindhu Govindaraj, Gnanamoorthy Kumaran, Gomathi kannayiram
Anitha.M, Varshini G, Kalidass Nagupillai
AI-Powered Oral Cancer Detection Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning
Globally, oral cancer remains a major problem. Late diagnosis is often associated with lower chance of survival. Although established techniques such as a biopsy are essential, they have limitations, especially in communities with no specialists. This study investigates how deep learning can improve the diagnostic process by developing and accessing convolutional neural network (CNN) models on images of oral lesions. Three architectures were trained and evaluated which are MobileNet, a modified VGG16, and a VGG16 baseline. Through thoughtful image processing and accepting greater dataset of 655 instances, they were assessed. The modified VGG16 achieved particularly strong performance under fresh test data with accuracy up to 98%. In addition, it had a great F1-score, recall, and precision. It reduced missed cancers and false alarms considerably because it achieves perfect recall of healthy tissue and perfect precision of cancerous lesions. The findings suggest that AI models can quickly and accurately diagnose oral cancer, particularly in resource-limited areas or places with less expertise.
VGG16, MobileNet, ResNet, CNN, Deep Learning, Machine Learning.
Virtual Cancer Biopsy: An Integrated Machine Learning Framework for Tumor Malignancy Prediction, Surgical Operability Assessment, and Prognosis Estimation
Cancer is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, and therefore, early cancer detection is a crucial factor when it comes to increasing the survival period. The traditional diagnostic methods are often time-consuming, costly and invasive, thus putting some patients in pre-treatment risks. We are introducing what we call the Virtual Cancer Biopsy (VCB) which is a web-based application that uses machine learning instead of needles that are invasive. VCB uses logistic regression to predict the country of tumors as being malignant or not and uses k nearest neighbor modelling as a prognosis predictor of cancerous tumors. Instead of using simple ML code that is custom-built, the system is built on the Flask library and the front-end is integrated with JavaScript, which is compatible with other browsers. All the workflow is contained in a Streamlit system providing a user-friendly interface that suits clinical needs. In addition to speeding up the diagnostics process, VCB provides doctors with readable visuals and interactive tools, which are changing the way things are categorized.
Virtual Cancer Biopsy, Machine Learning, Logistic Regression, K-Nearest Neighbor, Tumor Malignancy, Surgical Operability, Prognosis, Clinical Decision Support
Ecological and anthropogenic factors shaping fish survival in Kashmir streams
The Himalayas harbor one of the most diverse assemblages of freshwater hill stream fishes, shaped by steep environmental gradients such as altitude, temperature, and flow rate. This review synthesizes current knowledge on how these gradients influence fish diversity, distribution, and physiological adaptations. Unlike earlier descriptive accounts, this paper critically examines the ecological and physiological mechanisms underlying species’ responses to environmental stressors, with attention to recent advances in climate and conservation research. The review also highlights urgent conservation challenges—hydropower development, habitat fragmentation, pollution, and climate change—and evaluates ongoing initiatives in the region. Specific recommendations are proposed, including maintaining environmental flows, restoring riparian zones, and developing community-led conservation models. A systematic literature review framework was employed to identify relevant studies from 2000–2025, ensuring comprehensive coverage of both classical and recent works. This study emphasizes the need for integrated research on diversity, physiology, and conservation to safeguard Himalayan hill stream fishes. One of the most diverse assemblages of freshwater hill stream fishes inhabits the Himalayas, shaped in steep environmental gradients of altitude, temperature, and flow rate. This review synthesizes the knowledge on how those gradients shape fish diversity, distribution, and physiological adaptations. Unlike earlier accounts that were largely descriptive, this paper places ecological and physiological mechanisms of species responses to environmental stressors into focus, with due attention to recent advances in climate and conservation research. It highlights urgent conservation challenges-hydropower development, habitat fragmentation, pollution, and climate change-and assesses ongoing initiatives in the region. It puts forward specific recommendations: maintenance of environmental flows, restoration of riparian zones, and community-led models for conservation. For this purpose, a systematic literature review framework was used to identify relevant studies from both classical and recent works between the years 2000-2025. The study argues for an integrated research approach on diversity, physiology, and conservation to safeguard Himalayan hill stream fishes.
Hill stream fish, water quality, stream ecology, biodiversity, pollution, climate change
Consumer Perception and Adaptability towards the New Concepts and Technology in Agriculture Industry
Consumer behavior in the Agriculture Industry is the basic instinct to be studied, when appropriately linked with the Consumer Perception. Because the behavior of purchase is directly linked with the Perception of the consumers. Consumer perception plays a very vital role. Farmers do the purchase of Agricultural products under the influence. The Influence may be again subdivided into many factors again like the influence of own experience whilst using the products, influence of the retails channel in the purchase model, influence from opinion leaders, influence from the key market share holding organizations. The Purchase influence defines the consumer behavior in the sector. This affects the usage of new technology in the fields. The pesticides which have a major market share are the Red triangle and Yellow triangle molecules. Green and Blue Triangle molecules are gaining space in the purchase bucket but only in the crops which are produced for exports, where the pesticide residual obligation exists for the fruits in order to be exported. The research intends to identify the consumer behavior linked to the above all mentioned factors. On prima facie the research tries to interpret the link between Consumer Awareness and Consumer Perception and behavior in Agriculture sector.
Agriculture, Consumer Behavior, Consumer Perception, Pesticides, Organic Farming.
Ethical Considerations in Data-Driven Marketing: Balancing Personalization And Privacy
In the evolving landscape of digital marketing, the ethical tension between personalized advertising and consumer privacy has become a central concern. The study aimed to critically examine the dual imperatives of personalization and privacy, assessing how data-driven marketing practices influence consumer trust, consent behaviors, and perceptions of transparency. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative survey data from 300 digital consumers with qualitative thematic analysis of 50 scholarly articles, regulatory frameworks, and industry white papers. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential methods, including correlation and regression analysis, while qualitative data underwent thematic coding to identify recurring ethical patterns. Results revealed that while 82% of participants appreciated personalized advertisements, only 31% trusted companies to handle their data ethically, and just 28% felt informed about how their data were used. There was a notable gap between the preference for opt-in consent (71%) and actual usage of privacy controls (19%). Thematic findings emphasized issues such as algorithmic opacity, re-identification of anonymized data, consent misalignment, and the erosion of digital trust. The study concludes that existing regulatory frameworks, while necessary, are insufficient on their own. Ethical, consumer-centric models that prioritize transparency, informed consent, and trust-building are essential for sustainable digital marketing practices. Recommendations include ethics-by-design strategies, simplified privacy interfaces, and greater consumer education to bridge the gap between personalization benefits and privacy protection.
Data-driven marketing, Personalization, Privacy, Ethics, Algorithmic transparency, Consumer trust
Biphasic Neurostimulatory Effects of Caffeine on Dopamine-Mediated Locomotor Circuits in Drosophila melanogaster
This study aimed to examine how caffeine affects the movement of Drosophila melanogaster in a dose-dependent manner. It also aimed to evaluate the use of Drosophila as an ethical and inexpensive model for studying the neurobehavioral effects of stimulants, which are relevant to human health. Experimental groups were given freshly prepared caffeine solutions from instant coffee (a stock solution of about 3.5 mg/mL). These solutions were diluted to concentrations of 50% (1.75 mg/mL), 75% (2.63 mg/mL), and 100% (3.50 mg/mL). A control group was not treated. Locomotor activity was measured using the negative geotaxis assay over six hours. The average climbing height (in centimeters) and percent of active flies were recorded for each group. The 75% group demonstrated peak locomotor performance (mean climbing height: 10.1 ± 0.7 cm; 9/10 flies active), significantly exceeding the control (6.2 ± 0.5 cm; 5/10 active) and confirming caffeine's stimulatory effect at moderate doses. The 100% concentration produced a decline in activity (7.5 ± 0.8 cm; 6/10 active) relative to the 75% group, indicating physiological stress and impaired neuromuscular coordination at excessive doses, consistent with a concentration-dependent biphasic response. This study provides direct quantitative evidence of a biphasic locomotor response across a graded, ecologically relevant caffeine concentration series in wild-type Drosophila under standardised laboratory conditions, establishing that neural stimulation occurs only within an optimal physiological range. The results underscore the utility of Drosophila melanogaster as a reproducible, and accessible model for neuropharmacological investigation and highlight the public health relevance of dosage regulation among young caffeine consumers.
Caffeine; Drosophila melanogaster; locomotor activity; negative geotaxis; biphasic response; adenosine receptor antagonism; dopamine; neurostimulant; dose-dependent.
A Multidimensional Capital-Based Framework for Entry-Level Management Graduate Employability: Integrating Foundational, Behavioural, Social, Signaling, and Critical Capital Dimensions
Current models of graduate employability tend to prioritize technical skills and immediate job placement, often overlooking the complex psychosocial and market dynamics required for long-term success. To address this gap, this paper presents a multidimensional capital-based framework tailored specifically for entry-level management graduates. Drawing on a synthesis of multidisciplinary literature, we propose a comprehensive model that integrates five core dimensions: foundational human capital, behavioural and psychological capital, social and relational capital, signaling capital, and market alignment capital. Additionally, we introduce the concept of critical capital as a transformative element that equips graduates with the systems thinking and ethical reasoning necessary to navigate volatile business environments. By distinguishing between the performative actions of acquiring a job and the transformative process of sustaining a career, this framework provides a robust lens for understanding graduate readiness. The paper concludes with a series of testable propositions, laying the groundwork for future empirical research and offering strategic guidance for the evolution of management education curricula.
Graduate employability, Management education, Capital-based framework, Critical capital, Career sustainability, Social justice awareness.
The Many Faces of Draupadi: Comparative Depictions by Koral DasGupta and Devdutt Pattanaik
This study explores the comparative depictions of Draupadi, the central female character from the Mahabharata, in the works of two prominent authors: Karal Das Gupta and Devdutt Pattanaik. Through a feminist lens and a divine framework, respectively, both authors offer distinct interpretations of Draupadi’s character, revealing the complexity and timeless relevance of her portrayal. Gupta’s retelling focuses on Draupadi’s agency, resilience, and role as a symbol of empowerment within a patriarchal society. His feminist perspective underscores her humanity, emphasizing her strength in the face of adversity. In contrast, Pattanaik presents Draupadi as a divine figure, an agent of justice within a cosmic order, whose actions are predestined by fate. This study analyzes the themes of strength, agency, divinity, and justice as portrayed by both authors, shedding light on how their cultural and philosophical contexts influence their respective retellings. By comparing these two perspectives, the study highlights the evolving nature of Draupadi’s characterization in contemporary literature, providing insights into the broader discourse on gender, power, and morality in mythological narratives.
Feminist Interpretation, Divine Justice, Mythology, Female Agency, Empowerment, Cosmic Order
Reimagining Sita: A Feminist Transmutation in the Works of Devdutt Pattanaik and Amish Tripathi
This study explores the feminist reinterpretations of the character of Sita in the works of contemporary Indian authors Devdutt Pattanaik and Amish Tripathi. Traditionally depicted as the epitome of virtue, purity, and obedience in the Ramayana, Sita has often been portrayed as a passive figure. However, Pattanaik and Tripathi challenge this conventional portrayal by reimagining her character as one of strength, resilience, and agency. Through a comparative analysis of Pattanaik’s Sita: An Illustrated Retelling of the Ramayana and Tripathi’s Sita: Warrior of Mithila, this research examines how both authors present a more dynamic, empowered version of Sita. While Pattanaik emphasizes introspection and emotional depth, portraying Sita as a woman of silent strength navigating societal constraints, Tripathi presents her as a fierce warrior and leader, actively shaping her own destiny. The study highlights the authors' efforts to break away from traditional gender roles and empower female characters within mythology, offering new perspectives on Sita’s identity. This feminist transmutation provides a space for a rethinking of female agency, resilience, and autonomy in ancient texts, suggesting a broader discourse on the role of women in mythology. By reinterpreting Sita, Pattanaik and Tripathi not only transform her character but also contribute to the larger conversation about gender and power in literature and mythology.
Female Agency, Mythology, Gender Roles, Empowerment, Strength, Autonomy
Despite the various laws, regulations, and safety measures in place to prevent fires and protect citizens and property, the incidence of fires continues to rise. In Mongolia, there have been 19,668 fire incidents in the past 5 years, resulting in the loss of 258 lives. This equates to an average of 1.3 fatalities per 100 fires. Conducting thorough research and analysis on the different types of fires in Mongolia and implementing the findings will be crucial in reducing fire risks and improving safety measures.
Fire safety, fire statistics, fire hazards, fire risk, and various types of risks in residential buildings and structures.
Agentic AI-Based Learning Management System
The article reports on the design of an AI, powered educational platform that aims to help students and teachers. By means of smart AI assistants, the platform is able to analyze each learner's educational progress, pinpoint their strengths and weaknesses, and serve them with tailored learning solutions. It is capable of generating and grading tests, homework, and educational resources automatically, which is a significant time, saving for educators. The platform updates the learning materials instantaneously, provides constructive feedback, and assists students in achieving their academic objectives.[1] By presenting instant feedback and intelligent suggestions, the system keeps students motivated, allows for individualized learning pace, and, thus, produces a more efficient and interactive learning experience.
AI-enabled learning, Personalized education, Intelligent agents, Adaptive learning, Automated assessment, Student engagement.
An AI Powered Passive Reconnaissance Kit To Identifies Potential Vulnerabilities By Correlating Open Source Intelligence (OSINT)
Passive reconnaissance is a significant step in the field of cybersecurity that assists in the detection of possible security risks without actively engaging with the target systems. This paper introduces AI-powered passive reconnaissance kit aimed at gathering and correlating OSI or open-source intelligence for determining potential vulnerabilities in an ethical and non-invasive way. The proposed system is based on a Raspberry Pi platform and combines passive service discovery, the collection of data using OSINT and an intelligent risk scoring engine. the kit automates the reconnaissance process with python-based modules and uses rule-based artificial intelligence to process exposed services and normalize risk scores on a standardized risk score scale. A single button interface makes it simple for the user and a real-time result is available on an embedded OLED screen. Detailed reports are created in local environment to support further analysis without having to rely on cloud services or web dashboards.By combining portability, intelligent analysis, and passive operation, the proposed solution reduces manual effort and improves accessibility for cybersecurity education, ethical hacking, and preliminary security assessments for resource-constrained environments.
Passive Reconnaissance, Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT), Artificial Intelligence Risk Scoring, Raspberry Pi, Ethical Hacking, Cybersecurity Assessment, Embedded Security System, Rule-Based Decision Engine, Lightweight Security Platform.
The Impact of AI-Driven Services on Customer Perceptions and Loyalty in The Mobile Telecommunications Sector
Customer service and business operations have significantly changed as a result of the introduction of artificial intelligence in the mobile telecoms industry. The purpose of this study is to investigate how customers perceive artificial intelligence. The primary connection between artificial intelligence technologies and their effects on consumer satisfaction is established by using the secondary research approach, which involves reviewing current literature. The results demonstrate how artificial intelligence improves customer service effectiveness and personalisation, which in turn influences consumer perception. The purpose of this study is to emphasise how crucial it is to strike a balance between ethical concerns and artificial intelligence in order to guarantee client loyalty.
Artificial Intelligence, Customer perception, Customer loyalty, Telecommunications, Chatbots, Predictive analysis]
Student Engagement As A Mediator Between Curriculum Design, Instructional Resource Quality, And Student Performance
Student performance is influenced not only by curriculum structure and learning materials but also by how actively students engage with the learning process. This study examines student engagement as a mechanism through which curriculum design and instructional resource quality influence academic performance. Using survey data from 412 secondary and higher education students, structural equation modeling was applied to analyze the relationships among curriculum coherence, instructional resource quality, student engagement, and academic performance. Results indicate that both curriculum design and instructional resource quality are significant predictors of student performance, with student engagement acting as a partial mediator. The findings highlight the importance of designing learning environments that actively involve students cognitively, emotionally, and behaviorally. The study contributes to contemporary educational research by clarifying how instructional quality translates into learning outcomes and offers practical implications for curriculum developers and educators.
Student Engagement, Curriculum Design, Instructional Resources, Academic Performance, Mediation
Pedagogical Practices and Challenges in Teaching Language Macro Skills: A Case Study of Filipino Elementary Educators
This study examined the strategies, challenges, and coping mechanisms used by elementary public-school educators when teaching the four main language skills—reading, writing, speaking, and listening. A qualitative approach was taken, involving thematic analysis of teacher responses. The study found that teachers employed various instructional strategies, such as using short stories, story maps, process writing, pronunciation drills, and role-playing. However, they often ran into major challenges, particularly the lack of suitable teaching materials and students’ low level of interest. To overcome these obstacles, teachers showed creativity by working together with colleagues, repurposing available resources, and incorporating technology and multimedia to make lessons more engaging. The study highlights the critical need for the development of context-specific, open-access teaching materials and professional development programs focused on resourcefulness and technology integration that could significantly enhance pedagogical effectiveness.
Pedagogical practices, strategies, challenges, macro-skills, Filipino, elementary educators