E-ISSN: 2458-942X FishTaxa - Journal of Fish Taxonomy is a peer-reviewed international journal to support free exchange of ideas and information in systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of fishes with a preference for large taxonomic works such as monographs, revisions and checklists. FishTaxa considers papers on all freshwater and marine fishes both living and fossil, and especially encourages descriptions of new fish taxa. All types of papers are considered, including theories and methods of systematics and phylogeny, taxonomic monographs, revisions and reviews, catalogues/checklists, biographies and bibliographies, identification guides, analysis of characters, phylogenetic relationships and zoogeographical patterns of distribution, descriptions of taxa, and nomenclature. FishTaxa publishes original research articles, high quality reviews and technical notes/short communication covering all aspects of fish systematics. The members of the FishTaxa scientific board are from well-known universities and research institutes to ensure high-quality publications. Manuscripts are processed using an online system, ensuring efficient and timely evaluations. Type of Journal: Academic/Scholarly Format: Print & Online E-ISSN: 2458-942X Website: www.fishtaxa.com Frequency: annually Language: English Article Processing Charges: 1500 USD Indexed and Abstracted: Yes Contact: editor@fishtaxa.com Scopes of FishTaxa includes: Biology, systematic ichthyology, phylogeny and biogeography of fishes both freshwater and marine (living and fossil fishes) Taxonomic monographs, revisions and reviews, catalogues/checklists Descriptions of taxa, and nomenclature Systematics and phylogeny Biodiversity Biogeography/phylogeography Population genetics Invasive species Morphology and osteology Publisher name: SCARLET PUBLISHING SOLUTIONS CO. L.L.C. UAE.
SCARLET PUBLISHING SOLUTIONS CO. L.L.C. UAE.
Combined Effects Of Microplastics And Cadmium On Oxidative Stress, Dna Damage, And Embryonic Development In Zebrafish (Danio Rerio)
Mixed pollution in the aquatic environment is a major challenge, in which microplastics (MPs) and heavy metals like cadmium (Cd) are pollutants of significant concern. This study aimed to assess the toxic impacts of co-exposure to polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) and Cd on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos and larvae. Zebrafish embryos from 2 hours post-fertilization (hpf) were exposed to the following treatments: control, PS-MPs (100 µg/L), Cd (10 µg/L), and a combination of PS-MPs + Cd until 120 hpf. The results showed that, compared to the single-exposure groups, the co-exposure group exhibited the most severe synergistic effects: the lowest survival and hatching rates (68.9% and 45.2%, respectively), the highest malformation rate (particularly spinal curvature) at 43%, an increased heart rate (185 bpm), and a decreased body length (2.98 mm). The cause was identified as PS-MPs acting as vectors, significantly enhancing the bioaccumulation of Cd in the larvae (1.49 times higher). The toxicity mechanism involved a strong induction of oxidative stress, demonstrated by the highest levels of ROS and MDA, along with the superior upregulation of defense genes (SOD1, SOD2, CAT, MT2). Concurrently, DNA damage and apoptosis were strongly activated, with a marked increase in GADD45G expression and a severe imbalance towards pro-apoptosis (the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio increased 28.33-fold). These molecular damages led to clear histopathological alterations in the intestine. In conclusion, PS-MPs significantly exacerbated Cd toxicity by enhancing its bioaccumulation, leading to synergistic oxidative stress, cellular damage, and developmental disruptions in zebrafish. This study highlights the necessity of considering the risks from pollutant mixtures in environmental assessments.
Microplastics, Cadmium, Combined pollution, Zebrafish, Oxidative stress, DNA damage, Synergistic effect.
Khoa Dang Dang, Thien Nguyen Phuc, Tuan Ngo Van, Trung Nguyen Van
Development of Milk Based Malted Finger Millet (Ragi) Health Drink
In India, finger millet (Eleusine coracana) is also referred to as ragi. Finger millet's digestibility, sensory appeal, and nutritional value are all enhanced by malting, which also significantly reduces the anti-nutrients. A powerful medium for the creation of ragi-based value-added goods is milk. This study's goals were to create a milk-based malted ragihealth drink and investigate how malting affects the drink's composition. For the creation of a milk-based malted ragi health drink, the amount of malted ragi flour (4%, 5%, and 6%) added to milk was optimized. 5% malted ragi flour in milk was determined to be the ideal amount to create health drinks based on the findings of the sensory test. When compared to the control (a health drink made with unmaltedragi flour), malting was shown to have a substantial (P<0.05) favorable impact on levels of protein, ash, crude fiber, and acidity. Additionally, compared to the control, the health drink's calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin C content rose as a result of malting.
Eleusine coracana, Finger millet, malting, Health Drink, Ragi.
Komal Singh, Richa Singh, Divya Anand, Neha Jha, Vaibhav Jangid, Disha Srivastava, Rhoini singh
Macroalgae-Invertebrate Associations in Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur, Philippines: Ecological Survey and Community-based Economic Utility
This study was conducted to determine macroalgae-invertebrate associations in Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur, Philippines: ecological survey and community-based economic utility. Specifically, it determined the macroalgal species in both the intertidal and subtidal zones in terms of percent cover, associated invertebrates and their type of association, and community-based economic utility. The study employed a descriptive and observational method, utilizing transect-quadrat sampling. The study protocol was approved by the University Research Ethics Committee. Results show that Division Rhodophyta (red algae) had the highest percent cover for both the intertidal and subtidal zones, followed by Division Chlorophyta (green algae) and Division Phaeophyta (brown algae) respectively. Ecological associations between the macroalgae and invertebrate species range from commensalism, herbivory, facilitative, indirect mutualism, and predatory. Community-based economic utility for the macroalgae and associated invertebrates include the following: livelihood and income generation, local food consumption and market sales, small-scale aquaculture activities, raw materials for food products, souvenirs, or processed goods. These activities help sustain coastal community livelihoods and contribute to local economic development of the community. It is recommended that community-based coastal resource management (CBCRM) programs involving LGUs, academic institutions, NGOs and fisherfolks may be implemented to promote awareness, conservation, and sustainable use of resources, to sustain the economic, ecological, and social value of macroalgae and associated invertebrates in the community.
Seaweeds, percent cover, descriptive, observational method, transect-quadrat.
Effectiveness of An Android-Based Mobile App On The Concepts Of Management And Leadership Among Nursing Managers In Pekanbaru Hospital
Hospital nurses have no time to develop their leadership and management skills as face-to-face provided by their own hospitals. There are so many nurses who needs training to become leaders and managers. The methodology for this research is A quasi-experimental study design was implored among 300 hospital nurse respondents at Pekanbaru hospital in Indonesia. Purposive sampling technique was used. A survey questionnaire was used as pre- and posttest. A newly developed android-based mobile software application was used as an interventional tool to be compared with the control groups who will attend a face-to-face education and training on leadership and management. The result is The high correlation between Experimental Before and After (0.979) highlights the intervention's success in significantly improving the experimental group’s leadership and management functions while maintaining pre-existing patterns, whereas the strong Control Before and After correlation (0.961) reflects consistent but marginal improvements with exposure to conventional methods. Cross-group correlations, Experimental Before vs. Control Before (0.848), Experimental Before vs. Control After (0.853), Experimental After vs. Control Before (0.881), and Experimental After vs. Control After (0.876) demonstrated shared baselines and a narrowing performance gap following both interventions. The experimental group showed a significant improvement in leadership and management performance with a mean difference of 12.8 (SD = 5.6, t = 18.29, p < 0.001), while the control group exhibited a smaller yet statistically significant mean difference of 3.3 (SD = 1.5, t = 4.40, p < 0.001), highlighting the greater impact of the targeted intervention compared to conventional methods. The overall analysis indicates that the Android-based mobile software application was effective in refining the leadership and management trainings for Indonesian nursing managers in Pekanbaru Hospital. The experimental group’s targeted training produced stronger and more consistent outcomes across functions compared to the control group, which only received exposure to conventional methods.
Leadership And Management, Nursing Management, Planning, Organizing, Oversighting, Administrating, Controlling
Increasing the Independence of Stunting Families with Family-Centered Nursing Interventions
This literature review comprehensively examines the effectiveness of family-centered nursing interventions in increasing the independence of families affected by stunting. The review analyzed 30 studies focusing on intervention outcomes, cultural integration, healthcare system navigation, and sustainable health management practices across diverse healthcare settings. Findings revealed that family-centered interventions significantly improved families' capacity to manage stunting independently, with 75-85% of families showing enhanced abilities in growth monitoring and nutritional management. Cultural adaptation of interventions emerged as a crucial factor, resulting in 40-70% better engagement and compliance rates compared to standardized approaches. Healthcare system navigation capabilities showed marked improvement, with 60-65% increases in appropriate service utilization and a 45% reduction in missed appointments. The development of sustainable health practices was particularly noteworthy, with 70-85% of families maintaining improved practices post-intervention. Implementation challenges included resource limitations, cultural barriers, and system complexities, necessitating various adaptation strategies. Successful programs demonstrated effective solutions through cultural integration, flexible delivery methods, and strong community partnerships. The review identified key components of successful interventions, including comprehensive family assessment, practical skill development, and ongoing support systems. Economic analyses indicated cost-effectiveness, with significant returns through reduced healthcare utilization and improved health outcomes. However, the review also highlighted areas requiring further research, particularly in standardization of implementation frameworks, long-term outcome evaluation, and cost-effectiveness analysis across diverse settings. These findings support the effectiveness of family-centered nursing interventions in building sustainable family capabilities for stunting management while providing valuable insights for healthcare providers and policymakers in developing and implementing similar programs.
Family-Centered Nursing, Healthcare Navigation, Nutrition Intervention, Pediatric Nursing, Stunting Management
Nurhafizah Nasution, Tukimin bin Sansuwito
Phytochemical Analysis of Bugbugayyong (ABRUS PRECATORIUS LINN) Leaves Extract
Abrus precatorius Linn is one of the important medicinal plants belonging to the family Fabaceae. It is used as the common effective medicinal herb in many countries. The study plant has many therapeutic values like anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. This study investigated the phytochemical constituents of leaves extract of Bugbugayyong (Abrus precatorius Linn). Specifically, it aimed to 1: Determine the phytochemical constituents of Bugbugayyong (Abrus precatorius Linn) leaves extract. Preliminary qualitative phytochemical screening was performed on the crude methanolic extract and revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, diterpenes, phytosterols, phenolics, flavonoids and proteins except tannins.
Leaf Extract, Phytochemical Constituents, Abrus precatorius Linn
Winston B. Leal, Lailani G. Mecos, Tricia L. Gundran
Isolation of Putative Lactic Acid Bacteria From Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) Plants
This study aimed to isolate, enumerate, and characterize lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from Smallanthus sonchifolius (yacon) tissues using selective enrichment strategies, and to evaluate the efficacy of molasses-based fermentation in enhancing LAB proliferation for potential probiotic applications. Fresh plant parts—including leaves, stems, tubers, and roots—were processed for microbial recovery using peptone water extraction and subsequently plated on De Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) agar, a medium selective for acidophilic, fastidious LAB. Initial colony-forming unit (CFU) counts revealed limited native LAB in fresh samples, with highest counts observed in roots (up to 26 CFU at 10¹), suggesting rhizosphere-mediated microbial colonization. A separate batch of identical tissues was subjected to molasses-based fermentation under controlled anaerobic conditions for 14 days, resulting in significant microbial enrichment. Stem samples yielded the highest post-fermentation counts (up to 152 CFU at 10¹), with detectable LAB populations in previously low-yielding tissues such as leaves and tubers. Selected colonies exhibited uniform creamy-white pigmentation, entire margins, smooth surfaces, and flat to raised elevations. Gram staining and catalase testing confirmed all isolates to be Gram-positive and catalase-negative—definitive phenotypic traits of LAB. Microscopy revealed coccoid to bacilliform cell morphologies, indicative of genera such as Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces. The data substantiate molasses-based fermentation as a selective ecological pressure that enriches acid-tolerant, metabolically active LAB populations from plant matrices. This work supports the exploitation of fermented yacon as a novel matrix for LAB bioprospecting and provides a foundation for downstream probiotic screening, functional genomic analysis, and biotechnological formulation.
Yacon, Lactic Acid Bacteria, Molasses, isolates, CFU
Christian C. Molina, Peter Paul L. Lazo, Robert S. Ablog, Patrick S. Gasmen, Melissa Collo
Optimizing Urban Water Networks through Integration of Quality Monitoring, Predictive Modeling and Leakage Management
Urban water systems are under growing pressures from demand, climate change, and aging infrastructure. This paper presents a comprehensive water management framework for optimising urban water networks that combines on-line water quality monitoring, advance demand forecasting and continuous leakage control. The developed framework includes the usage of IoT-based sensors for obtaining real-time data, deployment of the SARIMA (Seasonal ARIMA) machine learning model for water demand forecasting, and machine learning algorithms to detect and control leaks. The proposed system has a good performance in terms of water consumption predictions with a high R2 value for commercial, domestic, industrial, and total water consumption sectors. Results say a great deal about the accuracy of the model to represent seasonal patterns and disturb (changing) water demand to offer actionable information for resource planning and to optimise systems. The framework provides a data-driven method for improving the efficiency, sustainability and resilience of the urban water network to ensure optimum water supply and minimize wastage.
Urban Water Networks, IoT, Water Quality Monitoring, Predictive Modeling, SARIMA, Leakage Management, Machine Learning, Smart Water Systems, Resource Planning, Water Demand Forecasting.
Mrs.Vasifa S.Kotwal*, Dr Sangram Patil, Dr Jaydeep Patil
Introduction Of Green Economy-Based Bio-Floc Technology for Sustainable Fish Production in Some Drier Regions of Ganjam Districts of Odisha
Aquaculture is in one of the prime enterprises in the Ganjam district of Odisha. Out of monsoon deficient and drier blocks Rangeilunda, Kodala, Khallikote, Patrapur, Hinjili, Digapahandi, Chhatrapur three blocks namely Rangeilunda,, Khallikote and Hinjili were selected to study the efficacy of biofloc technology for fish production. Our study is conducted between October 2022 to October 2025. Growth performance of three different species of fish as Rohu (Labeo rohita), Bhakur(Catla catla) and Magur(Clarias batrchus) monitored as well as profit generated during this period. Fishes were found to be reared tank of radius 18 meter and volume 25000 litres. 1500 fingerlings catla and rohu in the ration 2:3 introduced per cycle with total of 3000 in two production cycles of the year. In similar way 2500 Clarias fingerlings introduced in other biofloc tank. With optimum feeding growth performance monitored in three sites in two cycles of the same year. Revenue and profit generated in the selected regions comparison between the species introduced and different regions performed by RBCD analysis and ANOVA. The mean production of Rohu and Catla fish for Rangeilunda, Khallikote and Hinjili was 1947.46±17.67 kg, 1950.03±17.19 kg and 1955.13±19.76 kg, respectively. The mean revenue generation for all the three locations was Rs. 292120.00±2651.42, Rs.292505.00±2579.16 and Rs. 293270.00±2964.19, respectively. Likewise, the mean profit was Rs. 163120.00±11136.87, 163505.00±11105.72 and 164270.00±11404.44, respectively. The ANOVA results in cultivation of Rohu and Catla indicate that there is a significant difference among the treatment means at 5 % level of significance. Significant at (p< 0.01), Significant at (p<0.05) and N/A = Non-Significant. But for Magur The ANOVA results indicate that there is no significant difference among Interaction means at 5 % level of significance. The system is found to be economically viable for fish farmers in the studied areas but due to lack of deeper knowledge production gap is persisting which can be nullified by proper training through experts.
Green economy. Bio floc. Sustainable fish production. Drier region. Ganjam. Odisha.
Bisoyi Rama Chandra, Biswal Nirmala Chandra, Samanta Devi Prasad
The efficiency of neuro psycho theory to study Stress predispositions in psychogenetic process -To define stress in psychogenetic way
One of the major aspect of formation of corporate human rights is employees, considering the socioeconomic aspects and profitable indicators based on employees contribution to the company, where as the corporate human rights as per constitution of india only favours employee rights in terms of productivity, but the mental health quotient is not been addressed or considered, the ratio and data related to employee stress, suicide attempts, and other related stress causing factors need some consideration at present 2025 context, from the data cited in article ALL THINGS TALENT- NAUKIRI TALENT CLOUD, stated that 60% of the employees faces stress irrespective of their age, being more specific about 70% of women at work places feel more stress than men, that indulge in questioning our corporate human rights provisions and evaluating the mental health care act in india.the stress is not a emotion that can be forgotten or erased, it has direct or indirect impact over genes, so what is the role of genes here , we shall state the genes are the identity of every human being that are heritable to stay as a evidence for generations, what if that Genes are destructed through stress in our day today life. Some of the factors that are negatively affected due to stress are the humans and their emotions through distress, so what happens in genes when stress is adhered by the human in workplace need a glance and details to enhance our mental health well- being at our work place and personal space..We are going to analyse the theoretical concept of bio and neurogenetics psychology whether these concepts has impact on stress management in epigenetic genera for all workaholic people at different management levels considering neuro science and biopsychology.
Neuro Rights, Neurocognition, Seethaframework, Legal Psychology, Stress, Healthlaws, Neurogenetics, Corporate Human Rights.
Crop Diversification and Crop Specialization: A Case Study of Himachal Pradesh
Agriculture is a prime source of livelihood in almost every state of India and the state of Himachal Pradesh is among those where almost seventy percent population is directly or indirectly dependent on it. However agriculture in the state is obliged to different agro-climatic conditions. To overcome these obligations farmers in Himachal Pradesh have shifted towards crop diversification in early seventies. However there are tehsils in the state which have shown opposite trends, as in 1971 few tehsils of district Kangra and Bilaspur have shown crop specialization and recently in 2011 this trend of crop specialization has been reflected by few tehsils of district Shimla. These trends were and are the outcome of various hindrances farmers are facing in practicing crop diversification. Therefore the proposed research will analyse the overall situation of crop diversification and crop specialization in Himachal Pradesh and its corresponding factors between 1971 and 2011. For this proposed research secondary data has been used. To calculate crop specialization Gibb’s-Martin Index has been used. The results of the index have highlighted that state as a whole is more focused on crop diversification rather than crop specialization. However crop specialization has also been found in few pockets of the state.
Agriculture, Crop Diversification, Crop Specialization, Himachal Pradesh, Gibb’s-Martin Index
Study of effect of seasons on the goat milk composition reared under conditions of Jaipur tehsil of Jaipur district
The goat is thought to have been the earliest domesticated ruminant and, of all the species of domesticated animals except the dog, has the widest ecological range. The research has conducted at the Shri Vinayak College of Agriculture, Nayla, Kanota, Jaipur district of Rajasthan during 2022-24. The overall average specific gravity, fat, protein, lactose, ash, total solids and solids not fat of goat breeds reared under conditions of Jaipur tehsil in different seasons of all 1200 samples was 1.0295±0.00038, 4.79±0.048 per cent, 3.25±0.032, 4.44±0.015, 0.744±0.008 per cent, 13.16±0.036 and 8.39±0.054 per cent, respectively. The specific gravity, fat, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and chloride percentage in the milk of Jakhrana as well as Sirohi goat breeds under seasonal conditions was significantly differ. Season has conspicuous effects on milk quality of goats.
Jakhrana, Sirohi, Seasons, Goat milk composition, Jaipur
EGGPLANT (Solanum melongena L.) PRODUCTION AS AFFECTED BY PHENOLOGICAL STAGES AND ORGANIC FERTILIZER TREATMENT
A factorial experiment was conducted to examine the effects of phenological stages and organic fertilizer treatments (vermicast and vermitea) on the growth, yield, and profitability of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Growth and yield parameters, including plant height, branching, leaf production, flowering, fruit yield, and cost–return performance, were assessed. Phenological stages showed minimal influence on most traits, with only slight variations in leaf number, leaf area, and days to flowering. In contrast, organic fertilizer treatments significantly enhanced plant growth and reproductive performance. The highest input level (80g vermicast/plant + 1000 ml vermitea/16 lit water) produced the tallest plants, greatest branching, highest leaf area, and the largest number and weight of marketable fruits while lowering non-marketable yield. Interaction effects were mostly nonsignificant, although higher fertilizer rates applied during flowering and fruiting tended to improve yield traits. Cost and return analysis indicated that organic inputs ensured profitability, with the P1 vegetative stage achieving the highest return on investment (121.54%). Plants treated with F3 consistently outperformed F1 and F2, producing the highest number of flowers (24.99), marketable fruits (11.89 per plant), fruit weight (1091.27 g per plant), and yield (29.1 t/ha). Profitability analysis confirmed that F3 generated the highest return on investment (ROI) at 168.36%. The study demonstrates that vermicast and vermitea are effective organic amendments that enhance eggplant productivity and profitability, offering a sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers.
Eggplant, Phenological Stages, Vermicast, Vermitea, Organic Fertilizer, Yield Performance, Profitability
A Study to Assess the Effect of Information Booklet On Knowledge Regarding Nursing Strike Among Postnatal Mothers in Selected Hospital
Background: Exclusive breastfeeding is essential for optimal infant growth and health. However, many mothers face early challenges, including nursing strike—a sudden refusal by an infant to breastfeed. Factors like maternal education, work status, and infant health may influence nursing strikes, which can disrupt breastfeeding and harm maternal-infant bonding. Educational interventions are key to effective prevention and management. Aim: To assess the effect of an information booklet on knowledge regarding nursing strike among postnatal mothers. Design: A pre-experimental one-group pre-test post-test design was used. Settings: The study was conducted in a selected hospital among postnatal mothers. Participants: A total of 60 postnatal mothers were selected using a non-probability purposive sampling technique. Methods: Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Initially, a pre-test was conducted to assess baseline knowledge. An information booklet on nursing strike was then provided as an intervention. After 45 minutes, a post-test was conducted. The reliability of the tool was confirmed using the test-retest method, with a Pearson’s correlation coefficient of 0.84. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including a paired t-test. Results: The average knowledge score in the pre-test was 6.7, which increased to 11.6 in the post-test. T-value for this test was 23.8 with 59 degrees of freedom. The corresponding p-value was small (less than 0.05); the null hypothesis is rejected. Average knowledge score in the post-test was significantly more than that in the pre-test. It is evident that the knowledge among postnatal mothers improved significantly after the information booklet regarding nursing strike. Conclusion: To assess the effect of information booklet on knowledge regarding nursing strike among postnatal mother was shown to be effective. Hence corresponding p-value was small (less than 0.05), the null hypothesis is rejected. The post-test average knowledge score was significantly higher than the pre-test score.
Nursing strike, Postnatal mothers, Knowledge, Breastfeeding, Information booklet, Pre-experimental design, Pre-test post-test.
A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Triangular Nursing Interventions on Stress Among Staff Nurses
Background: Stress among staff nurses is a critical concern, significantly impacting their well-being, job satisfaction, and the quality of care they provide. The work environment plays a pivotal role in nurse stress levels. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of triangular nursing interventions on stress among Staff Nurses. Methodology: The research aimed to assess perceived stress levels of staff nurses at SRMCH & RC and evaluate the effects of interventions using a one-group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design. The study involved 100 staff nurses who met specific inclusion criteria, including scoring 14 or above on the Perceived Stress Scale and being available during the study. Purposive sampling was used, with exclusions for nurses on leave, already practicing relaxation techniques, or unable to participate due to illness or other studies. Results: The study found a significant reduction in perceived stress among participants following the TNI intervention. Before the intervention, 60% of participants experienced severe stress, and 40% had moderate stress. After the intervention, no participants reported severe stress, with 70% experiencing moderate stress and 30% reporting mild stress. Statistical analysis showed a significant decrease in the mean stress score from 34.4 to 22.10 (p-value = 0.00), confirming the effectiveness of the intervention in reducing stress levels. Conclusion: The study concludes that there is a significant reduction in stress levels observed in this study underscores the efficacy of triangular nursing interventions as a viable strategy for managing occupational stress among nursing professionals.
Nursing Intervention, stress, staff nurses, effectiveness.
Phytochemical and Microbial Analysis of Calamansi peel extract Against Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli
Calamansi (Citrus microcarpa) peel, an abundant agro-waste was investigated as a source of bioactive compounds and as a topical antibacterial agent. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed pronounced reactions for tannins/polyphenols in the ferric chloride test, abundant flavonoids in the alkaline reagent test, and appreciable amounts of carbohydrates, reducing and non-reducing sugars via Molisch, Benedict's, Fehling's and lead acetate assays. These metabolite classes are well documented for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. The agar-well diffusion method was used to assess the antibacterial efficacy. Three concentrations-100% crude extract (T1), 50% extract ointment (T2) and a commercial antibiotic ointment control (T3) were tested in triplicate for 18 hours and 24 hours. Zones of inhibition increased with exposure time; all 24 hour readings exceeded their corresponding 18 hour values. Against S. aureus, T1 and T3 produced very strong inhibition, classifying T1 as bactericidal and comparable to the reference drug. E. coli displayed moderate susceptibility, though T1 and T3 again yielded the widest clearings. Statistical analysis confirmed concentration-dependent activity. Thus, calamansi peel extract exhibits a rich repertoire of tannins and flavonoids and demonstrates potent anti-staphylococcal action, endorsing the 100% extract as the optimum concentration for ointment formulation. Valorization of calamansi peel could therefore convert waste to a cost-effective plant-based topical antibacterial preparation for broader community healthcare applications.
Phytochemical, Antibacterial, Bioactive Substance
Phyto diversity of Chandaka-Dampada wildlife sanctuary of Bhubaneshwar, Odisha
The present study investigates the phytodiversity of the Chandaka-Dampara Wildlife Sanctuary, a prominent dry deciduous forest located on the eastern fringe of the Eastern Ghats near Bhubaneswar, Odisha. Comprehensive floristic surveys conducted between 2023-2024 resulted in the documentation of a rich variety of plant species representing different life forms and taxonomic families. Life form analysis revealed a dominance of trees (62.26%), followed by shrubs (37.74%), herbs (16.09%), climbers (12.49%), and grasses and bamboos (10.4%), indicating a structurally diverse and ecologically mature forest ecosystem. The family Fabaceae was identified as the most dominant, contributing nearly 16% of the total recorded flora, followed by Combretaceae, Lamiaceae, and Moraceae, among others. The presence of ecologically significant and ethnobotanically important plant groups reflects both the ecological resilience and socio-economic value of the sanctuary. This study highlights the sanctuary's role as a critical reservoir of biodiversity and underscores the need for ongoing conservation efforts to mitigate the impacts of habitat disturbance and invasive species. The findings serve as a baseline for ecological monitoring, conservation planning, and sustainable management of the region's unique forest resources.
Floristic diversity, Chandaka-Dampada wildlife sanctuary, Ecological services, Eastern Ghats, Biodiversity conservation
A Comprehensive Assessment of the Daya River: Pollution Dynamics and the Post-Pandemic Trajectory (2000-2025)
The Daya River, a historically significant and ecologically vital waterway in Odisha, India, is in a state of severe and persistent environmental degradation. This expert-level report provides a detailed analysis of the river's water quality and pollution dynamics from 2000 to 2025, with a particular focus on the unique changes observed before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This research provides a comprehensive assessment of the Daya River's pollution from 2000-2025, revealing a complex model of systemic degradation. The river's water quality showed no significant improvement during the COVID-19 lockdown, a paradoxical finding attributed to the continuous operation of major industrial polluters This chronic pollution represents a clear case of environmental injustice, with urban waste disproportionately affecting the health of vulnerable downstream communities .The persistent degradation stems from a Regulatory Laxity Trap where legal standards are insufficient for ecological health, and a profound Bureaucratic Implementation Failure marked by stalled sewage treatment plant projects . A Super-Pollutant Nexus of heavy metals and antimicrobial resistance further complicates public health risks Ultimately, the Daya River's decline acts as a chronic counterforce, eroding the hard-won conservation gains of the ecologically vital Chilika Lake necessitating urgent and integrated management.. The long-term health of the Daya River and the ecologically sensitive Chilika Lake, into which it flows, is now at a critical juncture, requiring immediate and comprehensive intervention.
Amelioration of Moxifloxacin-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats by Vitamin C and L-Carnitine
Background: Moxifloxacin, a widely used fluoroquinolone antibiotic effective against a range of bacterial infections, has been associated with potential hepatotoxicity, a significant clinical concern that can limit its use. The underlying mechanism is strongly linked to oxidative stress. This study investigates the ameliorative effects of two well-known antioxidants, Vitamin C and L-Carnitine, against moxifloxacin-induced liver damage in adult male albino rats, aiming to identify potential and accessible strategies to mitigate these adverse effects. Methods: Forty adult male albino rats were systematically divided into four experimental groups (n=10): a control group receiving normal saline, a group receiving moxifloxacin (80 mg/kg), a group receiving moxifloxacin with Vitamin C (500 mg/kg), and a group receiving moxifloxacin with L-Carnitine (600 mg/kg). The treatments were administered daily for a period of 30 days. Finally, at the end of the study, the quantitative measurement of serum levels of major liver enzymes (Aspartate Aminotransferase - AST, Alanine Aminotransferase - ALT, Alkaline Phosphatase - ALP) and total serum bilirubin (TSB) was done. Liver tissues were also excised, processed, and subjected to close examination of the histopathological changes with attention being put to the degree of tissue cellular and architectural damage. Results: The moxifloxacin-treated group showed a statistically significant (p≤0.05) and marked increase in serum AST, ALT, ALP, and TSB levels compared to the healthy control group, indicating substantial hepatocellular injury. The biochemical observation was further confirmed by histopathological studies, which showed severe tissue damage of the liver, which involved massive cellular degeneration, hydrosis, focal necrosis and a noticeable inflammatory cellular infiltration in the portal and parenchymal regions. Concomitant administration of Vitamin C or L-Carnitine with moxifloxacin had a significant effect in reducing these high liver enzyme levels and considerably reducing the histopathological damage observed in the liver tissues leaving a far more normal hepatic architecture with considerably fewer inflammations and necroses. Conclusion: Moxifloxacin causes serious hepatotoxicity that is dose-dependent and likely caused by oxidative stress that damages cell integrity and cellular functions. The protective effect of strong antioxidants such as L-Carnitine and Vitamin C administered together is shown to have a considerable and clinically significant protective ability against this harm. These results also indicate a high possibility of their application as a useful adjuvant therapy to counteract the negative hepatic activity of moxifloxacin thus improving the safety of this valuable antibiotic in its clinical administration.
Moxifloxacin, Hepatotoxicity, Oxidative Stress, Vitamin C, L-Carnitine
Physiological, Biochemical, and Immune Responses of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Fingerlings at Different Initial Stocking Weights under Pond Culture Conditions
The optimization of initial stocking weight represents a critical factor in enhancing the growth, health, and resilience of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in pond aquaculture. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological, biochemical, and immune responses of fingerlings reared at different initial body weights (10, 20, 30, and 40 g) under controlled pond conditions. A 90-day rearing trial was conducted in earthen ponds, where fish were monitored for hematological (RBC, Hb, Ht), biochemical (glucose, total protein, lipids, AST, ALT, creatinine, uric acid), and whole-body composition (moisture, protein, lipid, ash) parameters. In addition, reference values for immune indices (lysozyme activity, complement activity, IgM, phagocytic activity, respiratory burst, and serum bactericidal activity) were integrated from the literature to assess weight-dependent immune capacity. The results indicated that larger fingerlings exhibited improved hematological profiles, higher serum protein and lipid levels, and more favorable proximate composition, particularly in the 30–40 g groups. Immune parameters also showed progressive enhancement with weight, with the 30–40 g range representing the most robust immune and metabolic state. These findings suggest that stocking carp fingerlings at 30–40 g body weight provides optimal physiological balance, stronger immune defenses, and better growth efficiency. Such strategies are particularly relevant for improving aquaculture productivity and sustainability under the high-temperature pond farming conditions of Iraq.
Cyprinus carpio, stocking weight, physiology, biochemistry, immune response, pond aquaculture.
Pathogenesis of Venous Thromboembolism in Malignant Tumors: Pathological and Anatomical Significance of Peripheral Blood Pai-1 and Tpa-Inhibitor Complex Levels
Background. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) represents one of the most life-threatening complications of malignancies, contributing significantly to mortality and disability rates among cancer patients. From the standpoint of pathological anatomy, the interaction between tumor cells and the hemostatic system plays a crucial role in the development of thromboembolic processes. Objective. This study aimed to determine the changes in peripheral blood levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and the tissue-type plasminogen activator-inhibitor complex (tPA-I) in patients with malignant tumors and to assess their pathological-anatomical significance in the diagnosis and prognosis of venous thromboembolism. Methods. The study was based on clinical observation and laboratory analyses. Blood samples obtained from patients with malignant tumors were tested for PAI-1 and tPA-I complex levels using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method and compared with healthy controls. The results were statistically analyzed, and correlations between parameters were evaluated. Results. PAI-1 levels in patients with malignant tumors were significantly (2–3 times) higher than in the healthy control group. The tPA-I complex levels were also elevated, indicating suppressed fibrinolytic activity. A strong correlation was observed between PAI-1 levels and the development of thromboembolic complications, and histopathological examination revealed thrombi with abundant fibrin deposits.3 Conclusion. Venous thromboembolism in malignant tumors is directly associated with impaired fibrinolytic activity. Increased PAI-1 and tPA-I complex levels in peripheral blood can serve as significant biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of venous thromboembolism. From a pathological-anatomical perspective, the assessment of these markers has great clinical relevance for designing individualized prophylactic and therapeutic strategies in oncology.
Malignant Tumor, Venous Thromboembolism, Pathological Anatomy, Pai-1, Tpa-Inhibitor Complex, Fibrinolysis
Recent Advances in Functionalized MOFs for Lead Adsorption and Detection in Water Systems
Lead (Pb²⁺) contamination of water sources threatens the environment and public health on a global scale and calls for the fabrication of highly effective remediation materials. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), especially the functionalized ones, have gained great attention as potential adsorbents and sensing materials for the detection of lead ions in aqueous solutions. In this minireview, the current advances (2020-2025) in the field of functionalized MOF-based approaches on lead removal and sensing are precisely covered. Based on more than 220 articles, by systematic literature evaluation, we highlight how high adsorption capacity by judicious functionalization with groups (-NH₂, -SH, -COOH, ethylenediamine and multidentate chelators) can be achieved with 200-800 mg/g and even higher with an outstanding selectivity (>90%) in multi-ion solution systems prevailing under most water matrices. The review focuses on new detection methods, such as fluorescent MOF probes, electrochemical sensors, and colorimetric assays with LODs of 0.1-to-10 µg/L in compliance with WHO standards for drinking water. Critic review indicates that amine functionalized MOFs obtained better selectivity through the chelation process, but the thiol functionalized systems were the fastest in achieving equilibrium in 15-30 min. Coalescing magnetic attributes and polymer composites, facile recovery and regeneration over multiple cycles (>85% of capacity retention achieved after 10 cycles) can also be realized. Water stability, the economics of scale-up, and the effects of practical matrices in real life remain as the challenging issues, and the perspectives for the future are stated as hybrid functionalization approaches, smart sensing devices, and routes for industrializing the technology. This paper demonstrates that functionalized MOFs can be transformative in bridging fundamental and practical environmental applications.
Metal-organic frameworks; Functionalization; Lead adsorption; Water treatment; Heavy metal detection; Environmental remediation; Adsorption mechanisms; Electrochemical sensors
Decoding Diversity in Freshwater Fishes of India: A Deep Fading Approach to Geographical Isolation and Speciation
Geographical isolation has long been recognized as one of the primary forces driving diversification and speciation in freshwater fishes. The fragmented nature of river systems, coupled with historical geological and climatic changes, creates ideal conditions for population isolation, lineage divergence, and the emergence of cryptic diversity. Traditional taxonomy and phylogeography rely on morphological characters and molecular markers, but these approaches are often time-consuming, limited in resolution, and unable to capture the subtle, gradual changes that occur in the early stages of speciation. To address this gap, we propose a hybrid computational framework that integrates morphological, genetic, spatial, and image-based data through deep learning. At the core of this framework is a novel Deep Fading augmentation strategy, designed to model the process of trait drift under isolation. Deep Fading operates in latent space by progressively attenuating specific deep-feature dimensions, thereby simulating the gradual divergence that naturally occurs across geographically separated populations. This augmentation enhances the model’s sensitivity to minor yet biologically meaningful differences, making it possible to detect incipient lineages and cryptic taxa that might otherwise go unrecognized. In this research illustrate this approach using Indian freshwater fishes, a group known for their exceptional diversity and high levels of endemism across distinct river basins. A multi-modal dataset combining specimen images, morph metric data, COI barcode sequences, and locality metadata forms the basis of a proof-of-concept evaluation. Preliminary results indicate that embeddings generated by the Deep Fading–augmented network not only increase cluster separation of geographically isolated populations but also show stronger concordance with molecular phylogeographic patterns when compared to baseline models. This study highlights the potential of Deep Fading as a powerful computational tool for integrative taxonomy, conservation prioritization, and the development of automated pipelines that can accelerate biodiversity assessment and management in freshwater ecosystems.
Geographical isolation, freshwater fishes, diversification, speciation, deep learning, Deep Fading augmentation, trait drift, morphological integration, genetic markers, image-based taxonomy, COI barcodes, cryptic diversity, phylogeography, Indian river basins, integrative taxonomy, conservation prioritization, biodiversity assessment.
Taxonomic status of the genus Cobitis Linnaeus, 1758 (Teleostei: Cobitidae) in the southern Caspian Sea basin, Iran with description of a new species
Members of the genus Cobitis in the southern Caspian Sea basin of Iran are found from the Atrak to Aras Rivers. Two species, namely C. keyvani and C. faridpaki had been already described from this distribution range. However, previous study revealed that C. keyvani is a junior synonym of C. faridpaki, therefore populations of the eastern part of the Sefid River are C. faridpaki and those of the western part of this basin represent an undescribed species misidentified as C. keyvani in previous studies. Here we describe and compare it with other species of this genus from Iran based on morphological and molecular (COI barcode region) characters.
Freshwater fish, Morphology, COI, Spined loach, Sefid River.
First record of the Taper-tail ribbonfish Zu elongatus Heemstra & Kannemeyer, 1984 from Indian EEZ
Taper-tail ribbon fish, Zu elongatus is recorded for first time from the Andaman and Nicobar waters of Indian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). A single specimen of Standard length of 1280 mm and weighing about 2.2 Kg caught by the tuna longliner MFV BLUE MARLIN in November 2015. The specimen was collected at 10°48'6''N and 92°44'08''E at a depth of 408 m. Morphometric and meristic characters of the present specimen are compared in detail with published accounts.
Zu, Trachipteridae, New record, Andaman Sea, Indian EEZ.
Re-description of Barbus miliaris De Filippi, 1863 (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from the endorheic Namak Lake basin of Iran
Barbus miliaris was described in 1863 by De Filippi on the basis of three specimens collected from the endorheic Namak Lake basin (a stream near Tehran). But it was later assigned to the subspecies of Barbus lacerta, B. cyclolepis or Luciobarbus mursa. Here, we revalidate and redescribe it. Barbus miliaris is distinguished from the other species of Barbus by having more scales along the lateral line (69-87, mode 77 vs. 50-66, mode 57 in B. cyri; 52-66, mode 61 in B. lacerta) and 80-95% of the posterior margin of the last unbranched dorsal-fin ray covered with denticles (vs. 60-70%). Barbus miliaris is also distinguished from B. cyri by having more predorsal scales (37-47, mode 42 vs. 24-34, mode 29); a narrower upper lip (its width 4-6 vs. 7-9 %HL). In B. miliaris, the maxillary barbel is longer than that of the others (26-41 vs. 12–32 %HL in other species, not reaching to posterior eye margin vs. reaching in B. lacerta).
Freshwater fish, Middle East, Taxonomy, Distribution.
First record of Uranoscopus crassiceps (Alcock, 1890) (Perciformes: Uranoscopidae) from off the Arabian Sea coast, south-western India
Uranoscopus crassiceps, a marine demersal species of stargazer occurring at depths from 187-230 m, is recorded from off the southwest coast of India in the Indian EEZ. The species was expected to occur in the region, but not previously reported. It is also known from northern Somalia, southern Yemen and Oman. 17 specimens of U. crassiceps were collected at a depth of 200-230 m during the survey of Fisheries Oceanographic Research Vessel (FORV) Sagar Sampada (Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India), from the west coast of India. A morphometric and meristic analysis was performed, and the specimens were compared with the original description and redescription. The species is characterised by a large head and relatively long pelvic fin, colour of the caudal fin slightly greenish yellow in freshly caught specimen.
FORV, South West coast of India, Redescription, Demersal, HSDT-CV.
Descriptions of five new species of Neolissochilus Rainboth, 1985 (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) from streams/rivers of the Western Ghats, peninsular India
The genus Neolissochilus was described by Rainboth, 1985 and currently includes 24 nominal taxa with distributions in southern and south-eastern Asia. Five new species of Neolissochilus are described herein from streams and rivers of the Western Ghats, peninsular India, one of the World’s hotspots of biodiversity. The new species include N. capudelphinus, N. minimus, N. micropthalmus, N. acutirostris and N. tamiraparaniensis. Neolissochilus wynaadensis (Day, 1873), also from the Western Ghats is considered a valid species. The five new species are described based on meristic, morphometric characters, and molecular data. Relationships among the newly described species and the relationships of Neolissochilus with Systomus (=Barbodes /Puntius), Hypselobarbus Bleeker and Tor Gray, all presumed closely related lineages are discussed.
Cyprinidae, Neolissochilus capudelphinus, N. minimus, N. micropthalmus, N. acutirostris, N. tamiraparaniensis.
Taxonomic review of the cryptic Barbus lacerta species group with description of a new species (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)
The Barbus lacerta species group is reviewed. All species occur in the wider Euphrates and Tigris drainages, the endorheic Lake basins of Namak, Van and Urmia and the southern Caspian Sea basin. Barbus cyri, B. lacerta and B. miliaris are considered valid and one new species is described: Barbus karunensis from the Karun River drainage in Iran. Barbus karunensis is distinguished from the other species in the B. lacerta group by a well-developed middle pad of the lower lip, a short anal fin, a straight posterior anal-fin margin and 59-66+2- 4 scales in the lateral line. We compared COI sequences for a total of 123 individuals from 29 Barbus species to test for mitochondrial monophyly of the B. lacerta species group, including DNA barcodes of 70 individuals from all four species of the B. lacerta group. The estimation of the phylogenetic relationships based on the DNA barcode region places the sequenced Barbus specimens into a largely taxonomical concordant cluster, but also indicates the presence of gene flow among a few species, most likely a consequence of geological events in the past.
DNA barcoding, Freshwater fish, Middle East, Biodiversity, Barbus karunensis.
Two new species of the genus Cobitis Linnaeus (Teleostei: Cobitidae) from Turkey
Two new species of the genus Cobitis including C. dorademiri sp. nov. from the Köyceğiz Basin and C. sipahilerae sp. nov. from the Kırkgözler Basin of Turkey are described and illustrated here. Cobitis dorademiri differs from other species of Bicanestrinia Cobitis species by lack of 5th Gambetta zone; second zone formed by round brown blotches, reduced to few spots behind the dorsal fin; short (9.7-13.5 %SL) and deep (12.7-14.2 %SL) caudal peduncle, and more than one spots at the base of caudal fin. Cobitis sipahilerae differs from other species of Bicanestrinia Cobitis species by lack of 5th Gambetta zone; third zone similar to the first one but with smaller spots; fourth zone consisting triangular or square-like blotches, in some specimens merged as a stripe; thinner caudal peduncle; mouth arched with lips a little furrowed, and mental lobe moderate marked and covered with papilla.
Spined loach, Cobitis dorademiri, Cobitis sipahilerae, Anatolia, Turkey